|
Hair, Nails and Mucous Membranes |
|
|
|
|
|
Mucous Membranes (Oral)
|
|
|
|
Anatomy:
- Lips: vividly pinkish-red (vermilion), surround entrance to oral cavity
- Vermilion Border: between oral mucosa and skin. No evidence of keratinization.
- Labial Mucosa: mucous saliva can be detected as secretions
from numerous orifices of the minor salivary glands. Maxillary and
mandibular labial mucosa are attached to gingiva and alveolar bone by a midline frenulum.
Buccal Mucosa: minor salivary glands. Linea alba: white ridge where the teeth rest.
Fordyce granules in 75% of individuals. They are ectopic sebaceous glands and present as
< 2mm yellow papules.
Tongue: muscle covered by keratinized mucosa containing taste buds. Accessory lymphoid
tissue or lingulal tonsil is normally found in healthy individuals. Sublingual veins are
present on the undersurface of the tongue. The lingual frenulum originates in the midline
of the ventral tongue and inserts into the floor of the mouth.
Hard Palate: covered by parakeratinized epithelium. Appears as
a lighter pink due to keratin and a less vascular lamina propria.
Soft Palate: lacks osseous support, is highly mobile and extends posteriorly closing the
nasopharynx. Uvula is a midline extension of the soft palate.
|
|
Candida
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
Syphilis
|
White lesions of the mouth:
- Lichen planus
- Candida
- Verrucae
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Lupus erythematosus
- Syphilis
- Oral hairy leukoplakia
Leukoplakia
|
Oral hairy leukoplakia
|
|
|
|
|
Herpes simplex
Lichen planus
Lichen planus
Lichen planus
|
Ulcerating lesions of the mouth:
- Herpes simplex
- Aphthous stomatitis
- Behcets syndrome
- Lichen planus
- Pemphigus/pemphigoid
- Stevens Johnson syndrome/erythema multiforme major
Pemphigus |
Erythema multiforme
|
Erythema multiforme
|
|
|
|
|
Hyperpigmentation
of the Oral Mucosa:
Exogenous:
- Foreign materials: amalgam tattoos, carbon, seeds, leaves of various plants, tobacco
- Pharmacologic agents: minocycline, AZT, antimalarials, amiodarone, OCP, doxorubicin
- Heavy metal exposure: bismuth, mercury, silver, lead, tin, copper
Endogenous:
- Systemic disease: Addisons disease, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, hemochromatosis
- Neoplasms: nevi, oral and labial melanotic macules, melanoma
- Reactive process: postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|